Air Force One Movie Review

Air Force one is movie released way back in 1997. It is about how a president was able to save himself, family, and allies from the people who hijacked his plane. In the world of terrorism, the USA president, James Marshall portrayed by Harrison Ford, takes a stand against evil and as a consequence his plane was hijacked by a group of terrorists lead by Ivan Korshunov portrayed by Gary Oldman. They want to negotiate and have their leader General Ivan Radek released from prison.The movie starts with some signs of terrorism and attacks of the president then when everything was amended and the president was on his way back to America with his family, secretaries, and his members. A group of terrorist who plans to hijack the plane disguised as press and was able to board the plan along with a spy who works with them. They started killing the escorts and security personnel of the president then declared them as hostage. The president immediately went to a secure emergency pod guided by hi s people but further into the story it was revealed that he didn’t leave the plane.He stayed there to save his fellow people and family. He then planned what to do to save them. He started by slowly killing each terrorist that goes down in the basement of the plane as he tries to connect to the white house to strategize on what to do and get help from the outside. And indeed he was successful and he was able to tell his team what to do and his team followed. There were a lot of fight scenes as he tries to win against the bad guys and despite of many obstacles he remained calmed, always thinking of the next step and never giving up hope.The president was indeed a remarkable leader because of how he handled the situation. He stayed in the plane which shows his selflessness and because he knows that if he stayed there the chances of having more people saved is higher. As he was thinking of ways to get out of the plane it showed his intelligence like in one of the scenes that he realized that he has to land the plane no matter what and to do that he has to drain the fuel. When that didn’t work when the plane was being refuelled mid air the plane dropped to a certain level and he was able to free the hostages by releasing them with parachutes.In the white house his members and the vice president was doing really well following his orders. The vice President Kathryn Bennett portrayed by Glenn Close was very loyal to the president and as a leader herself she stick to the rules that they don’t negotiate with terrorists and she believed in the president that the plan will work out. The president was able to establish direction, align people to understand strategies and accept their validity, he was able to motivate and inspire and in the end he was able to create change for the betterment of the nation.

Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America

Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America describes the adventures of Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish soldier who was shipwrecked in the state of Florida in the year 1528. The man traveled with a handful of his companions across the states of Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, in addition to the north of Mexico for many years following the shipwreck. He was sometimes looked upon as a slave, at other times he became a medicine man for the Native Americans encountered along the way. The book describes Native Americans of the time in great depth. Even the flora and fauna of the time – much of which was unique to Cabeza de Vaca – may be seen through the eyes of the Spanish traveler (Covey, 1983). Indeed, this book is one of its kind not only for those that wish to discover more about the history of America but also ardent readers of accounts of adventures. Cabeza de Vaca’s experiences open up the mind. After all, with all our modern conveniences, including excellent means of transport, the people of our time are not expected to become lost and develop enough courage to find their way out of misadventures as did Cabeza de Vaca. Moreover, entirely unique adventures such as those experienced by the Spanish traveler are not easy to experience nowadays with all sorts of information available to us in books and on the Internet. Perhaps this is the reason why the reader expects more from Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America. There are no maps in this book, and the modern-day reader expects illustrations to boot. What is more, Covey’s translated and edited version of Cabeza de Vaca’s adventures is not quite easy to read. As an example, between sentences Covey has added material which may confuse the reader. The book was first published in 1961. Then again, Cabeza de Vaca’s adventures are thrilling enough for the reader to simply ignore the imperfections of this account.

World Most Dangerous Gang: MS 13

Imagine a scared little boy wanting to be accepted by a gang. Scared to death, he walks up to a group of other boys from a rival gang, closes his eyes, and starts to shoot. When he opens his eyes he realizes that one of the rival gang members has been hit. Then imagine having to walk away, not run, because in this gang a member does not run away. All of this is just to be accepted into a very violent, dangerous gang. The Mara Salvatrucha gang, normally referred to as MS 13, has begun to make its mark across 42 states in the United States(Worlds Most), making it the most rapidly growing, dangerous gang n America.To understand MS 13’s power in this country, one has to consider its development as a major crime organization, its control over its members, and the power it holds. Mara Salvatrucha was organized in Los Angeles in the late 1980’s. In the 1980’s, El Salvador was engaged in a civil war. Men attacked as guerilla fighters, training and learning how to kill an yone for anything. To escape the civil war, these men migrated to the United States. At first, the gang’s primary purpose was to defend Salvadoran immigrants from being preyed upon by other street gangs. They banded together to form MS 13.Ernesto Miranda, co-founder of Mara Salvatrucha said, â€Å"In this country (El Salvador), we were taught to kill our own people, no matter if they were from your own blood. If your father was the enemy, you had to kill him. So the training we got during the war in our country served to make us one of the most violent gangs in the United States† (Domash). This is how MS 13 came about. The â€Å"MS† stands for Mara Salvatrucha. Mara is a word meaning â€Å"posse† and salvatruchas means â€Å"street- tough Salvadorans†. The number 13 represents the number of a street, belonging to a gang, located in southern California (Domash).The only way MS 13 could survive on new soil was to join together as a family and protect each other. The only allies they have are each other. MS 13 will do almost anything to keep safe. In the early days of their existence, MS 13 was once rivals with 18th Street Gang, a mostly variation of the â€Å"maras† gangs that appeared in Los Angeles in the 1980s. SWP-18 (Salvadorans with Pride), is another major rival, and a fatal target for many devoted MS-13 prospects seeking initiation into the gang. The Latin Kings have also shown rival behaviors towards MS-13, especially in Newark NJ. Rival gangs fear them. A rival gang member in L. A said â€Å"MS13 bout’ hurting people, they go rob and kill people for no reason†(MSNBC) Organized crime is a well thought-out process of crimes planned to be committed. This process of organized crime is type of violence that is associated with MS 13. MS13 commits crimes from murder, rape, beating, drive-by shootings, drug dealing, smuggling illegal immigrants, trafficking weapons, prostitution, and kidnapping. Oscar Alv arez, Honduran National Police Minister, states, â€Å"cutting people in pieces, raping women, killing people for fun.They might be youngsters, they might be poor. But these youngsters are monsters† (Domash). MS-13 often leaves behind dismembered corpses, complete with the decapitated head, at the scene of their murders. Often a grim note is attached to the body. (TerrorPlanet) In the history of MS 13, they cut off their victims fingers and decapitate them. Sometimes they will cut off victims’ genitals and feed them to the dogs to show no mercy. One MS 13 gang member admitted that when he was in Houston, he robbed and beat a child. Then while he was in Texas, he killed a man by stabbing him three times.This MS 13 member was asked if the crimes he committed would increase his rank within the gang. He answered, â€Å"The crazier you are known to be, the more respect the gang gives you† (Logan). MS 13 thinks the police and the community does not realize how dangero us they are ; this leads their gang to go to extreme violence to get their point across that no one messes with their gang. If someone is brave enough to mess with MS 13, they will show no mercy and will make the crime even more brutal. MS 13 is becoming more dangerous and more organized. It is working its way up to becoming the next Mafia.The rapidly growing numbers of MS 13 is a violent threat to the United States. Throughout the United States, MS 13 have been sighted in 42 states, ranging up to ten thousand members overall. Mara Salvatrucha is even all over the world. It already has members in five other countries. The estimated number of MS 13 gang members across the world adds up to more than 700,000 (Domash). Since there are so many MS 13 members in the world, one can recognize a MS 13 member by looking at their tattoos, symbols, gang colors, graffiti, and hand signs. MS 13 gang members mark their bodies with tattoos.The most common tattoos are the letters MS and the number 13 . They have certain symbols that they might have tattooed on themselves. For example, teardrops represent the shooting of a rival gang member. If a member has three dots in a shape of a triangle next to his thumb, it means the gang member has killed someone. By tattooing their bodies it shows how MS 13 is not ashamed of the violent acts they commit. (Domash) Hand signs and signals are also apart of MS 13. The main hand sign the gang has are called the â€Å"double horns†. This hand sign is similar to the same symbol commonly seen displayed by heavy metal usicians and their fans.Also, when one is about to go into battle, or a fight, they will lift up both sides on the shoulders of their shirts to indicate he or she is about to start. Whenever a gang member rubs one’s stomach in a circle motion, the member is about to shoot someone, and whenever one brushes off one’s shoulder; the member is about to stab his victim (World’s Most Dangerous Gang). This lets t he MS 13 members know what is about to happen in the fight. Fights also play a huge role in initiation. To be initiated into a violent gang like MS 13, one has to be violent or have something violent done to them.The three main initiations that MS have are â€Å"walk the line†, â€Å"jumped in†, and â€Å"sexed in†. Whenever they choose to â€Å"walk the line† to join, they must perform a violent act (â€Å"Worlds Most Dangerous Gang†). A boy’s mission is to walk up to a group of rival gang members on the street and shoot at least one of them. In being â€Å"walked in†, after one commits their violent act, one cannot run from it, but walk away (â€Å"Worlds Most†). Being â€Å"jumped in† requires the one getting initiated, to be surrounded by the five strongest guys in the gang, and they will start to beat the person for thirteen seconds, epresenting the 13 in MS 13.The last and final way one can enter the gang is to be â€Å"sexed in†. Females are usually the only ones who have to go through this to get initiated. This is when a girl is has sexual intercourse with a minimum of six members of the MS 13. The whole point of being initiated into MS 13 is to show how dedicated the joining member is and how far they will go for MS 13. Since the inductee is now a permanent member of the gang, they have three jobs that they have to fulfill: to recruit others, collect money, and to kill (â€Å"World’s Most Dangerous Gang†). As in every business, MS 13 has to earn a living somehow too.According to the interview between Lisa Ling and Jester, a former MS 13 member, told her that certain blocks in L. A. are owned by MS 13. Whatever businesses are located on the street, must pay a twenty five percent protection fee to MS 13. They also collect money from selling drugs and taxing the drug dealers who want to sell drugs on their territory. These are the drugs they sell: crystal meth, cocaine, heroin, rock, weed, and various pills. Jester said, â€Å"If you need any kind of pills, don’t go to the doctor. (â€Å"Worlds Most†)When Lisa Ling asked Jester, â€Å"What if they don’t pay? Jester responded, â€Å"They always pay. Sometimes you’ve got to get aggressive with them† (World’s Most). MS 13 knows that they can get however much money that they want because they are such a fierce gang. One of the worst things that a member can do when joining the gang is to try and get out. In MS 13 there is no way to leave the gang without getting killed unless the escapee goes to the hospital, jail, or death (Logan). If any runaway member ever goes to the police and betrays their clique, MS 13 will make ure that their life ends quickly.Once one becomes a part of the gang, one is in it for life and there is no turning back or getting out. MS 13 is spreading its violent tactics across the United States, and it is growing larger in numbers, build ing an empire of strength and power. Their crime organization development continues to grow stronger and wiser as time goes by, and their growing population of MS 13 members in the United States will increase the crime rates. Before Brenda Paz was murdered by her own gang, MS 13, she emphasized the importance and loyalty that MS 13 gang members have.She stated, â€Å"You live for God, you live for your mom, but you die for your gang† (World’s Most†). MS 13’s control in America has shown that it is a major crime organization that cannot be stopped. They have complete control over their members which makes MS 13 an army of violence. Whatever is said is done. There is no negotiating. What MS 13 says goes. While the nation focuses on terrorism, the issue of gang violence has taken a lower priority. But to many, the violent acts of MS13 are more of an everyday threat that is being overlooked.

Foundation of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Essay Example 31 (issued in 1970),  that defined recklessness as: " A person is reckless if, (a) knowing that there is a risk that an " event may result from his conduct or that a circumstances may " exist, he takes that risk, and (b) it is unreasonable for him to take " it, having regard to the degree and nature of the risk which he knows " to be present." With this definition, Lord Edmund-Davies explains that recklessness entails having a foresight of the outcome or its consequences, along with the â€Å"objective judgment of the reasonableness of the risk taken.3† Thus, Metcalfe and Ashworth differentiate Lord Edmund-Davies’ discussion with that of Lord Diplock’s speech saying that it lacked the supporting statutory interpretation.4 Metcalfe and Ashworth also pointed out the considerations made by the House of Lords in the R v G case. Lord Bingham stated that the Caldwell decision misconstrued the statute, particularly Section 1(1) of the 1971 Act5 and went against the ru le requiring that there be a â€Å"subjective mens rea† in case of serious crime conviction, leading to unfair results that might be â€Å"neither moral nor just.†6 Lord Steyn on the other hand, focused on the injustice of using Caldwell decision to children, citing the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.7 The commentary also discussed the meaning of â€Å"recklessness† as ascribed by the House of Lords in the R v G decision. Lord Bingham adopted the definition cited in the draft criminal code of 1989 wherein a person is said to act recklessly if â€Å"with respect to (i) a circumstance when he is aware of a risk that it exists or will exist; (ii) a result when he is aware of a risk that it will occur; and it is, in the circumstances known to him, unreasonable to take the risk.†8 Metcalfe and Ashworth explains that from this definition, it can be deduced that â€Å"any awareness of any degree of risk satisfies the definition, and that the judgment of the unreasonableness of  a risk (when that issue is contested) is for the tribunal of fact.†9 With this, they foresee that this same definition may be used uniformly throughout the criminal law, except for judges who would substitute the term â€Å"reckless† with â€Å"gross negligence† necessary in a manslaughter conviction.10 Finally, Metcalfe and Ashworth discusses the question of legal policy as regards the liability of children, taking into consideration the differing standards applicable to children and mentally disordered people, from that of adults who are of sound mind and hence, should have been aware of the need to take care. In this case, they opined that the courts still sustain â€Å"strict liability for offences that may carry prison sentences of some length† and state that the legislature has emphasized on the objective standards especially in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in that they introduced the â€Å"test of ‘absence of re asonable belief’ in consent to replace the previous recklessness requirement.†11 With this discussion of Metcalfe and Ashworth, it raised more questions than answers in definitely identifying the elements to be considered in criminal liabilities involving recklessness. Their discussion was not able to persuasively argue that indeed a different standard should be applied especially those concerning children, or having a subjective approach to the circumstance of a child or person at the time the act committed, rather than seeing a circumstance from an objective point of

Soil Enzyme Activity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Soil Enzyme Activity - Lab Report Example Results show that combined fertilizer had the highest enzyme activity of 1.493 followed by organic fertilizer (1.148), inorganic fertilizer (0.529) and unammended (0.459) soil sample in that order. Combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer provides efficient environment for the growth of soil bacteria hence production of more alkaline phosphatase enzymes thus resulting into high enzyme activity. These findings shows how an integrated fertilizer regime play an important role in altering the structure of the soil microbial composition, stimulates microbial growth and increases enzyme activity as compared to the inorganic fertilizer. Microorganisms play a vital role in biochemical transformation important for nutrient cycling in soils. The microorganisms in the soil are capable of breaking down insoluble nutrient sources in the soil and in the process produce extracellular enzymes. Extracellular enzymes are biochemical catalysts, protein compounds produced within the bacterial cell and exported out into the soil solution. While outside the cells, enzymes catalyze reactions that break down the structure of nutrient source in order to make it more accessible to the plants. The quantities of extracellular enzymes are therefore dependent on substrate concentration, soil microorganisms’ metabolic ability, soil environmental conditions such as temperature and pH and the number of microorganisms present in the soil (Lichtfouse, 228). Alkaline Phosphatase is an example of extracellular enzyme produced by many soil microorganisms and exported out into the soil solution. The main function is to eliminate the phosphate molecule from the organic compounds such as nucleic acids and phospholipids.

Business Service Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Service Operations - Essay Example The assignment also portrays the layout of services and service delivery network of Tesco. Furthermore, it also illustrates certain important suggestions for developing the service concept and the delivery system of the organisation. Services can generally appear on the basis of different shapes and forms. For instance, in business to consumer organisation, service can arrive in the form of retail services. Moreover, in business to business organisation, services can arrive from consulting services and in non-profit organisations, services can arrive from charity services. Any kind of service can produce additional value for the customer’s at large (Berry, 1995). With this concern, the assignment is based on understanding the service concept of an UK based supermarket retailer named Tesco and recommending effective strategies to develop its various services. Service is fundamentally considered to be an activity or set of procedures that is used for maintaining smooth interrelation with the customers and enhancing the overall business performance. Service concept is a vital method of apprehending the nature of services so that the customers comprehend about what they are receiving and employees also understand about what they are delivering. It is a shared understanding of nature of service which encapsulates information about classifying thoughts, customers’ experience and service outcomes. Service concept is a core task in managing different service operations. It can be used as a central tool in the design, distribution and improvement of services of a particular organisation. Service concept concentrates on a particular market segment and provides limited range of services for both customers and business operations (Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons, 2000). In order to be effective, service concept must deliver adequate information in order to make

Is the development of oilsands essential to Canadas future prosperity Assignment

Is the development of oilsands essential to Canadas future prosperity Give Pros and Cons - Assignment Example Oil sand is a composition of many substances including water, soil, sand and bitumen. The bitumen is the thick and vicious oil. For bitumen to gain importance, it must be subjected into a series of treatments (Alberta Energy 4). The Alberta’s oil sands are of immense importance to both Canada and the rest of the globe as it supplies energy is not only more stable than other energy sources, but also reliable. Alberta’s oil sands utilize the most advanced form of technology in the extraction of oil, in addition to being the most developed in the whole world. Alberta’s oil has very many uses. Some of the uses include use of oil in driving cars, manufacturing of cosmetics, bubble gums and other substances like toothpastes. Researchers and developers have estimated that Alberta’s oil sand deposits will sustain Canada for a period of over a hundred and fifty years. However, with the current rate of extraction of oil at Alberta, the period of sustainability may fall below the 150 years. Even with the high rates of extraction, it is estimated that only a portion of about 20% has been extracted and the rest, 80% is yet to be extracted because of the huge depth the oil lays (Albertas Oil S ands Economic Benefits, pars. 2-3, 4). The major method of oil extraction at Alberta oil sands is through steam injection. The steam is exerted to liquefy the bitumen, and water has to be pumped in to mix with melted bitumen, to facilitate it to flow the surface, from the underground. During the separation process, bitumen is obtained and the rest of the mixture is poured away. It is estimated that 75% of bitumen is obtained, and 25% is lost to waste during the separation process (Albertas Oil Sands Economic Benefits, pars. 2 & 3, 4). Alberta’s oil sands are a great source of future prosperity to Canada. Oil is a major driver of a country’s economy. It is evident that all oil producing

Social Person Perspective Matrix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Social Person Perspective Matrix - Assignment Example The government and unions supplied the workers with much needed safety & security per Maslow’s hierarchy; worker needs the organizational leaders appeared to be ignoring. This perspective includes psychological concepts such as self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-actualization, and effective interpersonal communication and relationships. Managing with the whole person concept in mind is critical for the manager’s role today to maximize available limited resources. The social person needs to be a primary focus for the manager as that is what determines the needs and motivations of the worker (Reza, 2009). Noe et al. (2003) state that the Social Person Perspective came at a time in history when there had previously been solely a focus on production and increasing efficiency and productivity, at the sake and discomfort of the people. The evolution of management received a well-needed infusion of human understanding which eased management – worker conflicts, ended misunderstandings, and continued to increase organizational production while improving employee morale. Within the motivational theories that were brought about as a result of the focus on the social person, the important thing to remember is to treat the staff you work with as team members, not staff that work for you. The manager is not above everyone else, but working with them to get the work completed timely and accurately. Do not resort to the autocratic method of management. The workplace is a collection of adults who value and respect their time and effort and expect the same in return. They will then return the same value and respect to their team members, which includes the manager (Noe et al., 2003). Warmoth, A. (1998, August). Humanistic psychology and humanistic social science. Reprinted from Humanity and Society (the journal of the Association for Humanist Sociology, 22(3) Retrieved March 20, 2011 from

Employee Retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Retention - Essay Example ty of a company to entice their work force to maintain allegiance and exhibit superior performance delivery in order to satisfy the organization’s clientele. A compromise on the latter may be equated to increased staff turnover and decreased employee retention which can, thus, rescind the organization’s services and customer care (Mohr et al., 2008). Several studies and researches have aimed to analyze the marketing impacts, causes and financial aspects that govern employee retention in order to make an accurate prediction and overall formula to help organizations maximize their human resources capital, minimize the negative feedback from the consumers of their goods or services and continually improve the quality of service that a company offers. However, despite these efforts, there may be no universal policy that can accurately predict employee turnover. In most cases, it is affected by the individual characteristics, nature and environment unique to a particular field of work and the labor environment it is subject to. Nonetheless, these researches have served as a basis for designing developing programs that can aid any human resources group to come up with a suitable plan to fit their diverse objectives and eventually execute a pioneering human resources program that benefits workers without endangering incomes (Etchings, 2005). This paper aims to consolidate the recent results of these studies and, eventually, come up with a general theme that can assess employee retention in work places. One of the major concerns of a company that elicits these kinds of researches on job retention and turnover is the balance in the expenditures incurred while maintaining new and old personnel. The reason being that low employee retention results in increased costs to the company due to the increasing costs of separation pay, job announcements, staff rehiring and employee training and upgrading. Estimated values show that these costs may be in the range $3000 to

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Essay

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl Prynne, or Roger Chillingworth - Essay Example Additionally, to further quotes will be analyzed with regard to academic literature and the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale can be understood. Accordingly, it is the hope of this author that such a unit of analysis will be beneficial definitive and concise representation of what Rev. Dimmesdale truly representative. As a man of Biblical learning and intelligence that was respected greatly within the community, administer suffers from a continual denial of who he represents. Additionally, the continual inward struggle that is represented is effectively encapsulated within the Rev. Dimmesdale’s sermon, â€Å"At the great judgment day,† whispered the minister—and, strangely enough, the sense that he was a professional teacher of truth impelled him to answer the child so. â€Å"Then, and there, before the judgment seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand together. But the daylight of this world shall not see our meeting† (Hawthorne 92)! As can adequately be seen, Dimmesdale lacks the moral fortitude of approaching the issue of his love and lust with the congregation that so adulates and adores him. Instead, he seeks to understand and interpret the final judgment as something that will be between God and the individual. One of scholars that examined Dimmesdaleâ€℠¢s duplicity and the following to say, â€Å"Dimmesdale represents a dichotomy of confusion between that which is expected that which is natural within his own frame of understanding† (Hunt 28). It is this continual difficulty that continues to define the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale understands the world around them. The second would be utilized at Dimmesdale’s cowardice has to do with the way in which he interacts with his lover. Says Dimmesdale, â€Å"Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret! Thou little knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven years cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me

The Bolivian Election Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Bolivian Election - Research Paper Example NGOs in emerging democracies are typically funded by non-governmental outsides sources, such as foreign aid or private donors. However, it is possible for an NGO to be partially or even fully government funded. It is important to note that Bolivia became a democratically elected government in 1982. In the first stages of its democracy Bolivia had a very centralized national government, and along with it came much corruption and a general unhappiness of its citizens with democracy. However, in 1994 much of the central power devolved to the local municipalities including the appropriations of funds. This act is known as the Law of Popular Participation. During these times NGOs preformed a vital role in the cross over to the new system. They were often consulted in planning, helped with organization, and educated citizens about the new system (Boulding 461). The article sets out to examine how NGOs can effect political participation in emerging or weak democracies. (Boulding 456) states that NGOs can promote political activity of a country by providing resources, and by making available opportunities for association. When an NGO provides resources to a community, they have the ability to make citizen political participation easier. ... "NGOs, whether they are providing small business training, lobbying for women’s' or indigenous rights, providing health care, or building houses, all involve local interaction between NGO workers, neighbors, and others in the community. By spending time together, talking, and working toward a common project, people (Boulding 456). As evidenced in the previous elections, Bolivia often experience violent elections dating back to 1980s when the country was identified to be politically emotional due to poor leadership and the desire of the incumbent government to rig elections causing uncalled for animosity in the country. The huge funds donated by Europe and the United States since 1980s for the sole purpose of strengthening democracy for instance; through promoting the involvement of civil society in ensuring that peaceful election process. The fruitless efforts necessitated the desire to act on the issues which lead to post election violence so that the problem could be solved permanently through embracing peace and reconciliation (Boulding 456). However, in order to determine the best solution on the same, research had to be carried out to determine the cause and corresponding results of post election violence so that a common objective would be set to avert the post election violence since it had been a routine in the country. However, to ascertain the consequences of post election violence, research process should be continuous since all research outcomes had not achieved perfect solution. Electorates and the corresponding leadership require periodic research processes which corresponds to the current research study (Boulding 459). In the Bolivian history, myriad research processes had

Indian Ocean Region Essay Example for Free

Indian Ocean Region Essay Change and Continuity of Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 CE to 1750 CE. The Indian Ocean has always been a powerful trading region, between East Africa and China, that has caused religion, crops, languages, and people to spread. Through the rise and fall of powerful land and sea empires, trade routes shifted and control switched hands numerous times over history. The goods have remained fairly constant, compared to the traders and the powers behind them that changed from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. Spices, textiles, manufactured goods, and raw goods were staples on the many of the routes that led from the coast of Zimbabwe all the way to the ports of China. Early traders from Polynesia even traveled to Madagascar. With the rise of Islam and of the Mongol Empire, overseas trade slowed slightly because of the importance of the Silk Road as the main connection between China and Europe. However, as the Mongols declined, the Indian Ocean trade became more important to the empires o r kingdoms of China and the regional powers of India. The Chinese Ming Dynasty engaged heavily in foreign trade and they displayed their wealth with giant treasure ships and junks that sailed the day from China through the port of Malacca to the east coast of India. The ships carried silk and porcelain, goods that were in high demand in Europe and Arabia. The ships also picked up spices and hardwoods from Southeast Asian islands. In India, the majority of these goods were sent on dhows to the Arabian Peninsula, stopping at major important ports like Aden, and then continuing on to East Africa and the Swahili Coast states of Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. The ships sailed according to the monsoons, they then returned loaded with gold and ivory from Africa, to China where the cycle would restart. Eventually states like Gujurat and Calicut grew in importance in manufacturing and the textile production of cotton. The powers around the Indian Ocean remained in control, until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. While Silk Road trade with Europe was thriving, Europeans wanted to cut out the Arab middlemen and get direct access to Asian goods. As the tools of navigation developed and new nation-states sought after trade and exploration, Portugal led the continent in the race to Asia. When Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 by sailing around the tip of Africa, he was greeted with a mocking laughter of people he needed to trade with and was turned down most of the goods he had to trade. The powerful merchants of Gujarat and neighboring states were used to the highest quality goods so they did not want to trade with Gama’s poor quality goods. However, before long, Portugal took over almost all trade in the Indian Ocean, establishing ports like Goa in India and controlling strategic areas with their imperialistic manner. Around the same time, Britain also began its expansion and joined with joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company. They proceeded to dominate the region as well, taking land they thought suited their purposes. The sea empires and the cut off of foreign trade by the Ming dynasty did not greatly change the products traded, but did affect the overall trade system. Goods were now produced for the success of mercantilist people in European countries, not for the enrichment of local powers. While the trade routes and the goods that passed through them may not have been greatly changed, the impact of the European trading empires and the decline of nations like India and China changed who benefited from Indian Ocean trade and who were mostly involved.

Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay

Disadvantages Of Watching Television English Literature Essay This article talks about the disadvantages of watching television and the reality television shows, in this article the author is trying to say that there are a lot of disadvantages of watching television. There are many of disadvantages they are: it makes the person who is watching to increase heaviness because of always sitting in front of the television not doing anything else. Second it makes you misuse your time, as instead of not making a very useful things and habits or even sports you keep stuck to watching and this makes you devastate a lot of time. Third , it promotes compliance as when teenagers of children are watching these reality television it makes them stay and dont encourage them to have a purpose in their life so it encourages passivity. The author aim in this article is to deliver and focus on the disadvantages of television. He addresses the message to especially teens and children and this source is very useful in the research. Karger, Jillian. The Effects of Watching Reality TV Shows.EHow. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the Jillian karger is talking about the effects of the reality television shows on people. She says that it has a lot of effects, some of these effects are that the improbable outlook that people would believe that life is so vivid and that life should be full of performance and that is not in the real life so, this is improbable opportunity. Also, the lack of isolation that the people are in this reality TV has no privacy everyone is watching so there is nothing private everything is shown on television. Also, there is diversion as when the people watch these reality shows they feel that all what they see in these reality shows are reality and after that they dont want to live the real life they are living as it is not like the life they are seeing in these reality shows. It also, makes you wish bad luck others. The purpose of the article is to make the audience know the effects of watching these reality television shows on the teens and all the people watching these reality television shows. The author is addressing the teens and the children because they are the most sectors of people in the society who are watching these reality television shows so the author is trying to make them know that there are a lot of effects of watching reality shows. B. Slocum, Charles. The Real History of Reality TV. Wga. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says when and where and how the first reality television started and who were the people watching it mainly the author in this article is giving a historical background for the reality television as the people who are interested in the issue of reality television, the author is providing them with information to know more about this issue. The author said that when reality television first started it was captured with cameras and it started first people loved it very much and they were enjoying watching these reality television shows and that there were a lot of people who were loving to watch these shows. After that, these shoes were developed until they are seen as today in the television and there are a lot of people who are really very interested in these shows nowadays. The author in this article is delivering the message to all the person the author is trying to make the people who are reading this article get informational background. In this article the author purpose is to make people know more information about this issue. Reality Television Introduction. Enotes. 25 Feb. 2010 The article is talking about introduction to reality television and some of the historical back ground about the reality television. The article is talking about what is reality television and why it started and why is people interested in it. What really makes people very interested and entertained when watching these reality television shows may be they are having fun when they are seeing people in their daily life and how they face challenges and live in their own life and can begin a new life and make challenges and be very successful. This maybe giving them experience in their lives. In the article the purpose is to make the audience just think whether the reality television is good and worth watching or not. Also, to know these shows what is the benefit from watching them and spending a lot of time in front of the television just watching people leading day by day in their life? The author is addressing the message to all the people. The Reality TV Controversies.Case Studies.25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author tries to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the reality television as to make the audience know what are the pros and cons of reality television. the author says that reality television has lots of disadvantages as first it has no privacy as people who are in these reality shows everyone is watching them and their steps as if they are in public so there is no privacy for them , also it makes people   who are in this reality television really ashamed as everyone is watching them and every step they are making. The author didnt forget also to talk about the advantages of reality television he said that may be this reality television gives the audience some experience from the daily life challenges and people they are watching how leading their daily life challenges, I can also makes them gain some entertainment and time of fun as it makes them some how happy from watching these reality shows. the purpose of this article is that the author want to deliver the message of that there are a lot of pros and cons for reality television. He delivers the message to especially the teens who are addicted to watching these reality shows. Ethics and Reality TV.Atheism. 25 Feb. 2010 in the article the author is trying to ask a very important question , this question is should people watch these reality television shows or not . some people think that watching these reality shows is really important to get entertainment and to get experience from the challenges and live of people they are watching and that will make them better and know how to take right decisions in their lives and to think right. Others think that it is just very bad shows as they make people humiliated and feeling bad and they think that this makes also people watching make bad habits like wishing bad luck to some people. All of these reasons makes the author raise this question to the audience just to make them think of the issue in a very serious way to watch these shows or not and to know the advantages and disadvantages of it , the good and the bad points to be able to know the pros and con of this issue . the author is addressing his article to the teens.  Ã‚   Sears, Alan. Whats real about Reality TV?New socialist. 25 Feb. 2010 In this article the author says that Reality TV is a type that combines basics of talk show, game show, vulgar pseudo-anthropology and pro wrestling. It traces the actions of non-actors placed in various situations facing set challenges. The success of Survivor played a big role in initiation the genre in North America. It was popular enough to make voted off the island a part of our everyday language. The success of Reality TV was driven first by commercial considerations. What makes these shows popular to producers is in part the same process of reorganization to force up proceeds that we are considering in all kinds of workplaces. It involves the use of new technology and work restructuring to deskill the workforce and valve into cheaper work sources. Reality TV is very cheap to make, requiring fewer writers and actors than customary indoctrination while making use of incomplete sets and fixed cameras for at least some of the action. It is a big profit centre for the networks, whi ch are facing increased opposition in the digital age. The purpose of the author in this article is that to know the introduction of reality television and he discuss the introduction of reality television. He addresses all the people In the society. Reality TV Gives Contestants a New Reasonto Smile.Perio. 25 Feb. 2010 In addition to treating the periodontal disease, the patients smile may also get better. This is significant because a smile is often one of the first things people notice about another person. When examination people on television be given a whole change, its clear that the look of the persons smile can greatly influence their self-worth. I see this in my perform everyday. Now that Americans are living longer, superficial operation has become more popular. spoken artificial operation has also felt this trend as it has knowledgeable a important shift toward cosmetic-related surgery to help improve the smile. Excessive gum tissue can create a gummy smile, but the periodontist can perform a crown expansion process to remove excess gum tissue and expose an ideal smile. on the other hand, a persons teeth may appear too long if their gums have receded or shrink. This can often be corrected with soft tissue graft events. Dental implants, an artificial tooth root placed into the jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge can be used to replace missing teeth. Wieczorek, mark. Reality TV Faked? So What?Markzilla. 25 Feb. 2010 Apparently talk shows and reality television are some how the same s reality television is that these reality television and talk shows has a lot of advantages and disadvantages as these can make people make smile and make them happy and also it can make them gain money and these reality television shows will be a negative points of views as there will be a lack of privacy as what will be made on the television will not all be real and there will be a lck of privacy.

New International Markets: Waitrose

New International Markets: Waitrose Waitrose is one of the leading retailers in the UK market being a subsidiary of John Lewis departmental stores. In the wake of the emerging economies, there are many opportunities which the business can take advantage of by expanding its operations internationally. The report will analyze the internal and external factors which affect operations and performance and identify the countries where the business will expand its operations to. The report makes recommendations for the market entry and exit strategies, functional strategies and the control system to ensure that the implementation is done successfully for a period of 5 years from the year 2012 to 2017. Analysis Waitrose opened its first supermarket in 1955 and has shops throughout England, Scotland and Wales locations ranging from high streets to edge of town sites and varies in size from 7,000 square feet to approximately 56,000 square feet. The Waitrose brand is now owned by John Lewis partnership with a specific aim of combining convenience of a supermarket with expertise and service of a specialist shop. (Waitrose Company 2011). Market selection Criteria Australia Canberra Australia is a market that has a relatively little exposure to foreign business. (Tunny 2006). The availability of small business funding in Canberra increases small business growth providing market for retailer. (Australian Business 2011). The market has also demonstrated growth potential in retail business with departmental stores sales rising by 2.3 % in January 2011. (Australian Bureau 2011). Canberra is a flourishing capital city in Australia located 150 kilometers away from the coastal boarders of the country. It has town centers such as Balcones, Tuggeranary and Woden which are known for their huge shopping plazas. Its shopping zone stands in vicinity of major tourists destinations of the city attracting attention from the tourists. The shoppers zone has recently gained reputation for their nightlife with a wide range of entertainment and stylist restaurants. (Asian rooms 2011). Waitrose expansion to the city would be appropriate to take advantage of the strategic location which offers an opportunity for a retail outlet serving the needs of the tourists and the resident. The business would also take advantage of the citys extended hours of doing business to the night. (Canberra 2011) Canada Manitoba Most of consumers expenditure by Canadian households is mainly through retail outlets which consist of 50 to 55% of the household. (Industry Canada 2011). Retailers concentration has resulted to some retailers holding significant market share like the case in which the largest supermarket in Canada held 31.1% of market share in 1998 compared to USs 5.8 % and Britains 15.4%. (Industry Canada 2011). Manitoba has a five year economic plan to taking a balanced approach which will seek to enhance among other things jobs creation and protection of services in its bid to return Manitoba to surplus. This is reinforced by the 2011 budget which seeks to increase investments in health care enabling all people in Manitoba who would like to have a family doctor by 2015 to do it, building the place with increasing infrastructure like bridges, roads transit and community centre as well as putting families first with examples of credit on tax on children activities, senior citizens and those who take care of them. (Budget 2011). Manitoba is a strong trading province with a strategic central location within Canada and has vital links by rail, road, air and sea. (Laubler 2008). With a population of 1,148,401 people, 448,780 households as at 2006 and a significant urban population, the introduction of Waitrose will be well positioned to capture the target the mainly urban population. (Munroe 2011). The region has transportation means ranging from curries services like Purolator, Looms and DHL. Freight carriers include Canada pacific while there is air transport through the modern regional airport. The region also has bus services across the towns adequate for consumer and business transport. Communication means in the region include newspapers, like the weekly newspaper; the modern times, biweekly newspaper; the southern shopper and daily newspapers. Radio stations providing communication in Manitoba include CFAM, KAUF, the eagle and the modern towns local CKMW. Digital cables and internet communication are als o available in the region. (Transport Communication 2011). The province also has high number if experienced and skilled labor force. (Manitoba Business 2011) Manitoba provinces have been posting strong retail sales. An example was retail customers spending up to $1.26 billion worth of sales for the month of September in 2009 which was a 0.8% increase from $1.25 billion in August. The trend shows a strong market considering the 2009 economic hardship hence presenting a potential growth and resilient market. The province is also an appropriate selection as it had the least drop in sales with the 2009 economic downturn effect compared to other Canadian provinces. (McNeill 2009). The market has also demonstrated a growth potential with the retail sales rising for a third consecutive month by 0.5 % in 2011. (Statistics Canada 2011). Pestel Analysis results The internal factors that would affect Waitrose operations in the market would include: In its expansion to international markets, the business will be subject to a wider scope of business environment determined by various factors including internal factors that would include: (Contemporary issues 2011). Workforce/staff is one of the strengths of Waitrose given that all of its staff are shareholders hence increases their commitment to the business. The staffs skills affect the ability of the business to deliver to its customers and remain competitive thus will be a key success factor. (Waitrose 2011). Finances availability is a factor that affects business operations. Availability of finances enhances the business operations in developing new products and brands relevant to the market. Suppliers determine how the company sources its inputs and raw materials. Suppliers efficiency affects ability to deliver to customers in terms of cost and timing. (Pestel Analysis 2011). Competitors affect the business market share by reducing it hence negatively affecting its performance. (Pestel Analysis 2011). Shareholders affect the decisions that are made regarding the investments that a business is to make thus determining its ability to remain competitive in the market. Waitrose being owned by John Lewis has its workers being its staff thus understands the business operations. (Waitrose 2011) Customers determine the relevant products that a business should provide in the market. This is also faced by the changing needs from the evolving preferences, tastes and lifestyles which require the business to remain innovative in order to satisfy the customers needs. (Pestel Analysis 2011). The external factors affecting business in the two select markets include: Australia- Canberra Social: Economic: Political: Technological: Legal: Environmental: Canada- Manitoba Social: Canadian consumers easily identify and recognize US retail goods increasing the entry of US based retailers into the market. Canadians nature demonstrates consumers who are not comfortable with personalized selling. (Industry Canada 2011). Economic: Political: The governments policies allowing foreign direct investment and free trade is increasing presence of freeing retailers especially from US are changing the market structure. The businesses are introducing new retail concepts in the market including low pricing, big box format and logistic systems. (Industry Canada). The government reducing restrictions on foreign investments (OECD Economic 2006). Technological: increase in use of technology is changing retail market structure. This is through the way the internet is affecting the means of consumers access of information and buying of goods in Canada. It is also increasing marketing in the retail sector. Technology has also increased in store innovation like use of bar codes and point of sale price scanning. This has enhanced management of the stores in the market. (Industry Canada 2011). Legal: Environmental: Demographic: Age difference determines the suitability of the retail system service to customers. This was demonstrated by 77% of Canadian consumers aged 18 to 34 indicating in a survey they they would likely shop in self service while those aged 55 years and above would prefer the in store shopping. (Industry Canada 2011). Competition: The increasing competition is transforming the Canadian retailers with their bid to achieve a competitive edge in the market. The foreign retail businesses presence has resulted to almost disappearance of independent local retailers with the market becoming homogeneous. Wall mart is one of the largest retailers in the market credited with introducing innovation into the industry. Other retailers from US include Old Navy, Best Buy and Staples and winners. (Industry Canada 2011). Risks Considered The increasing adoption of self service technology in the Canadian market may not be suitable with some consumers who would rather use the traditional retail system. Strategies. . (Industry Canada 2011). The increasing use of internet by consumers also increases the consumers negotiating power over retailers since they can access information about comparing many retailers quality and prices. (Industry Canada 2011). The different laws and regulations governing retail industry in Both Canada and Australia may present a challenge to Waitrose affect its operations and performance. (Industry Canada 2011). High taxes in Canada like the highest marginal effective rates experienced in 2005 are a factor that could reduce the investment returns. Large businesses like Waitrose would more like face high taxes. (OECD Economic 2006). Strategies Overall strategy Selected Markets Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city of Manitoba in which Waitrose should sett up its business. Its capital region has more than 60% of Manitobas population. By 2006 census there were 633,451 individuals in the town of which 51.7% were female while 43.3% were male. 24.3 % of the population were 19 years or younger while 27.4% were between 20 and 30 years. Having 409,500 people employed in the city and surrounding areas and the city having been ranked by KPMG in 20067 as one of the least expensive locations to do business in Canada makes it an appropriate location for Waitrose. (Winnipeg 2011). Time frame and sequence of Strategy Entry and Exit strategies Australia Canberra Strategic Alliances: A more recent phenomenon is the development of a range of strategic alliances which are different from traditional joint ventures in which two partners contribute a fixed amount of resources and the venture develops on its own. In an alliance, two entire firms pool their resources directly in a collaboration that goes beyond the limits of a joint venture. (Luostorinen Gabrielson 20002). Although a new entity may be formed, it is not a requirement it could be supported by some equity acquisition of one or both of the partners. In an alliance, each partner brings a particular skill or resource-usually they are complementary-and by joining forces, each expects to profit from the other`s experience which will be the key driver behide the strategy for Waitrose to establish its brand in the Manitoba market. The alliances will involve distribution access, technology transfers or production technology with each partner contributing a different element to the venture. Th e type of the alliance to be applied will be a distribution-based one. (Global market 2011). Considering that alliances with two equal partners are more difficult to manage than those with a dominant partner as well as recognizing that the needs and aspirations of partners may change over the life of an alliance and in divergent ways, the partners will be chosen to have Waitrose as the dominant partner. The challenge in making an alliance work lies in the creation of multiple layers of connections or webs that reach across the partner organizations. It is envisioned that the alliances will eventually result in the creation of new organizations out of the cooperating parts of the partners. In that sense, the alliances will be just an intermediate stage until a new company can be formed or until the Waitrose assumes control of the business. This will be applied in the Manitobas Winnipeg and Modern cities. (Global market 2011). Canada Manitoba Mergers and Acquisitions: The need to enter international markets more quickly than through building a base from scratch or entering some type of collaboration has made the acquisition route extremely attractive aided by the opening of many financial markets, making the acquisition of publicly traded companies much easier. The method will be used for the Australian market to complement the Joint venture strategy will also apply in the same market. A major advantage of acquisitions is that they will quickly position Waitrose in a new business as it will not have to take the time to establish its presence or develop for itself the resources it does not already possess. The strategy will also be a means of taking a potential competitor out of the market. However the strategy is expected to be an expensive way to enter a market and integrating an acquired company into the business will be a challenging tasks confronting top management which will require qualified staff, significant fundi ng all resources of which Waitrose has. (Global market 2011). Functional strategies In the pursuit of the international market ventures, functional strategies will be geared towards: Understanding the connections between the lifestyle and expenditure characteristics of customers, their propensity to purchase one product or brand over another and leverage this understanding to achieve competitive advantage. Improving direct marketing response by ensuring that promotion is targeting the right market segment at the right time, using the right media with the right message. Leveraging consumer data to make better strategic decisions about products, marketing and locations. Increase customer loyalty and retention with a scientific, data driven approach to analytical CRM. The strategies will also be in consistent with the five pillars of retailing which include: Connecting with customer emotions. Solving customers problems. Setting the fairest and not the lowest prices. Treating customers with respect. Saving customers time. (Pavithira 2011). Marketing mix strategies Product positioning The positioning of Waitrose will be of much significant in earning customer loyalty and trust. This will be done by ensuring that service in the outlets will be satisfactory and convenient to the customers. The stores and outlets will have modern technology to enhance service to customers as well as be able to manage demand properly and ensure that customers will always get what they expect. Customers will be provided with online shopping system and partnership cards where they will earn vouchers or redeemable points whenever they shop. (Henderson 2011). Improved compared to the market existing brands focusing on niche market will entail being innovative in the market place. The enhanced products will compete with the existing brands in the market, attract new segments as well as attracting new customers who are not a part of the current target market for the existing products. (Kalyanaram 2011). Pricing The pricing will be done in consideration of competitors prices and to reflect value to customers. As a new venture in the market, the business will have a goal of earning a market share thus will require relatively lower pricing and perceived greater value for premium goods. (Marketing mix 2011). Reduced prices will be aimed at acquiring customers where products will be sold at lower prices attracting customers who would have not bought the products. The reduced prices will also be targeted at winning customers from the competitors. (Kalyanaram 2011). The business will make available in the market premium brands like the royal label; Duchy Originals which Waitrose was licensed to manufacture distribute and sell. Such products will be well positioned to capture market especially for the tourist destinations like Canberra in Australia. (Finch 2010). Distribution The business will reach consumers through different sales channels, stores, websites catalogues. As a retailer, the key aspect of distribution will be where the businesses will be located. In Australia Canberra and its town centers, the business will be located in the shoppers zone in order to make it convenient for the target market to access what they need. In Manitoba Canada, the businesses will be located in the City centers of Winnipeg and Modern City where the urban population, majority of who are working will be the target market. (Exforsys 2009) On the other side the business will make consumers more comfortable with internet shopping since allowing customers to return on-line purchase to their offline stores in case of any problem.(Pavithira 2011). Promotion The business will employ a number of promotion strategies including advertisement, free samples promotion for private label brands and packaging. Advertising will have three objectives of; creating awareness, passing information on available goods and persuading them to buy. Advertising will be done using the traditional media like Television and radio where the mature aged segment can be easily reached and also using the social media where the younger consumers can be easily reached especially considering their significant number in Manitoba Canada. Free samples will be offered in organized contests which will be used to induce the customers to try the new products. (Promotional mix 2011). Use of the partnership chard will be well suited where customers will earn vouchers each time they will spend in the outlets. The card will also be used to provide the customers information to the business where it will be easier to understand them and provide them with well suited products. (Partnership 2011). Operational strategies tactical actions schedule In order to roll out the internalization program successfully, some tactical actions and operations will need to be carried out as identified on the table below with their time line throught the program. Action: Explanation: Duration: Strategic partners identification This will be done for all the markets in Canada and Australia to identify the partners for joint ventures and alliances and identify the businesses which can be acquired in mergers and acquisitions 01/01/2012- 30/06/2012 Authorization and incorporation For the three strategies of entry, the business will seek to get authorization from the relevant authorities during this duration. 01/07/2010- 30/10/2012 Staff recruitment and training The business will hire additional new staff and train all including the acquired businesses staff about the Waitrose products, service and systems in order to help them meet customer satisfaction. 01/11/2012- 31/12/2012 Radio spots Television adverts Radio and Television stations will be identified which will be used to pass information to the markets. The identified medias will be used for advertisement throught the program. 01/11/2012- 30/12/2012 Online system and other systems update. The necessary systems for the business will be installed including the partnership card system and online shopping system for the purpose of E-retailing. 01/12/2012- 30/12/2012 Point of purchase The suitable positioning of the goods will be identified in all outlets so that the outlets can have the most efficient arrangement for customers convenience. 01/01/2013- 10/01/2013 Business stores stock up and launch. The identified and acquired businesses will be stoked up with Waitrose products and service will be launched. 11/01/2013- 30/02/2013 Personal selling. Will be done so as to create relationships with customers and seek to identify what customers will be looking for in a product. 2013-2017. Public relations. Will be a key success factor in trying to enhance good customer relations and handling unfavorable events, rumors and negative perceptions about the products and the company. 01/01/2013- 31/12/2017. Contests and promotions Will be organized so as to interact with consumers and create awareness as well as getting their feedback. EVERY November and December of the year from 213 to 2017. Customer satisfaction survey. This will be done to identify whether the business meets the customers needs satisfactorily and what needs to be improved. Every June from 2013 to 2017. Organizational structure Organizational Structure In the international market expansion the business will adapt an organization structure which will identify the activities to be performed by specific employees and determining the line of authority and responsibility in the business. These tasks are divided into four major categories; strategic management, administrative management/operations, merchandise management, and store management. (Svjrao 2011) This will involve specifying all tasks that need to be performed and dividing their responsibilities among various individuals or channels. The tasks also need to be grouped and classified into a job with a title and description. The structure will also consider the market entry strategy used. (Retail Organization 2011). The strategic market and finance decisions will be under taken primarily by senior management: the CEO, COO, Vice presidents, and the board of directors representing shareholders considering that the acquisitions and joint ventures will bring in some share holders in the business who might not be necessarily employees of the business as has been with Waitrose operations in the UK. Administrative tasks will be performed by corporate staff employees who have specialized skills in human resources management, finance, accounting, real estate, distribution, and management information systems. People in these administrative functions will develop plans, procedures, and information to assist operating managers in implementing the retailers strategy. (Svjrao 2011) The primary operating or line managers will be involved in merchandise management and store management. These operating managers will implement the strategic plans with the assistance of administrative personnel. They will be required to make the day-to-day decisions that directly affect the retailers performance. (Svjrao 2011) The following is the outline of some of the divisions in the retail organization which is much the same as John Lewis organization structure. Owner/CEO or President Store Operations: Management, Cashier, Sales, Receiving, Loss Prevention Marketing: Visual Displays, Public Relations, Promotions Merchandising: Planning, Buying, Inventory Control Human Relations: Personnel, Training Finance: Accounting, Credit Technology: Information Technology (Retail Organization 2011). As the store grows and the retail business evolves, the dynamics of the organizations structure will change addressing the new tasks and responsibilities involved in the international operations. Therefore it will require redesigning the organizational chart to support the decision-making, collaboration and leadership capabilities. (Retail Organization 2011). Structures fit with strategy Strategic control Control system overview Control can be mainly classified as formal and informal with the formal controls being applied by the management in overseeing that tasks are carried out to the specified standards while informal control is work related and is implemented by those working on the tasks as the operations progress without necessarily seeking managerial authorization. Thus informal controls are the most frequent relating to how workers handle themselves and the service delivery. (Jawarski 1988). The measures will be appropriate for controlling and measuring achievement of the objectives like achieving the targeted market share, increasing sales and establishing an effective and efficient distribution network in the new markets. Elements of control Formal control will include process control on how the set standards are to be achieved. It will also include output control and marketing audits to establish progress levels. Process control The Company will focus process control on both management and organization control. Management control will ensure there are in place all resources and commitments necessary for the objectives achievement while organizational controls will focus on internal marketing ensuring cooperation between departments for smooth operation. (Jawarski 1988). ii. Output control Output control will seek to ensure that the quantifiable objectives are been achieved. This will be done by assessing information from the production and other operation departments and from independent surveys to help set achievable objectives and identify necessary measures to achieve them. (Jawarski 1988). Marketing audits Marketing audits will be performed before the execution of the marketing programs to identify the key factors. Two methods which will be used are; SWOT analysis and PESTEL model to analyze competition, marketing mix and macro environment factors. (Jawarski 1988). Informal control will include developing an organization culture for the business and creating a conducive working environment. Control fit with strategy and structure Conclusion

Whos The Boss? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Who’s The Boss?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A typical relationship between an employee and an employer exists on the acknowledgment of who is in charge; an employee must accept the employer as an authority. A worker should address the employer with a certain amount of respect and professionalism. An employer should have control of their employees and make it clear that they are the boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In David Mamet’s play Glengarry Glen Ross, however the relationship between the employees and the employer is extremely atypical. There is no correlation to what is believed to be the norm. The language Mamet uses in the play makes the peculiar relationship believable. The arguing and resentment can be felt be the reader. The employees in this particular office have â€Å"forgotten† who the boss is; they do not speak to him with any respect or dignity. The employer accepts the way he is treated and does not stand his ground; he allows his employees to walk all over him. This office is not the kind of work place where the boss has the last word; there are numerous times throughout the play where the boss and his employees actually fight. The relationship between one of the employees, Shelly Levene, and his employer, John Williamson, reflects this abnormal relationship. Williamson is the boss, or manager of this particular branch of a real estate company, he does however have two bosses, Mitch and Murray. The play begins with Williamson making an announcement regarding the jobs of all of the employees in the office. There is a contest beginning to see who could close the most deals. Whoever won would win a car and whoever lost would be fired. In the following conversation between Williamson and Levene, the two are discussing whom the good leads are going to. Levene has told Williamson that without the good leads he will not be able to close, in which case, he will be fired. Williamson has said that he has to give the leads to the closers and that Levene has not been a closer. I pick up the conversation after many pages of arguments, Williamson agreeing to Shelly’s bribe and right when Shelly is asking for two l eads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"WILLIAMSON. I’m not sure I have two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LEVENE. I saw the board. You’ve got four†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WILLIAMSON. I’ve got Roma. Then I’ve got Moss†¦ LEVENE. Bullshit. Th... ...n’t agree with this and believes that it is Williamson giving the orders and that if Williamson were to call up Mitch or Murray they would tell him to follow whatever Levene says. Williamson is a timid man. He does not like confrontation. Whenever Shelly or anyone began to yell at him he would just walk away. Shelly is an older and somewhat outspoken man; he knows that Williamson is timid and therefore talks the way he does to him. Shelly is feeling the pressure of the younger men taking his role as the best. All of the stress and pressure in the office causes everyone to be on edge. I think that Williamson is a bit more understanding because he realizes that Shelly’s job is being threatened. All of these pressures and feelings cause Williamson and Levene to resent each other. The language used by Mamet to portray all of this really makes the reader feel the stress and tension in the office. The reader can hear the arguing and disagreeing. The extreme language helps the reader understand the lack of control in the office as well as the atypical behavior between an employee and employer. Works Cited 1. Mamet, David. Glengarry Glen Ross. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1982. Whos The Boss? Essay -- essays research papers fc Who’s The Boss?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A typical relationship between an employee and an employer exists on the acknowledgment of who is in charge; an employee must accept the employer as an authority. A worker should address the employer with a certain amount of respect and professionalism. An employer should have control of their employees and make it clear that they are the boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In David Mamet’s play Glengarry Glen Ross, however the relationship between the employees and the employer is extremely atypical. There is no correlation to what is believed to be the norm. The language Mamet uses in the play makes the peculiar relationship believable. The arguing and resentment can be felt be the reader. The employees in this particular office have â€Å"forgotten† who the boss is; they do not speak to him with any respect or dignity. The employer accepts the way he is treated and does not stand his ground; he allows his employees to walk all over him. This office is not the kind of work place where the boss has the last word; there are numerous times throughout the play where the boss and his employees actually fight. The relationship between one of the employees, Shelly Levene, and his employer, John Williamson, reflects this abnormal relationship. Williamson is the boss, or manager of this particular branch of a real estate company, he does however have two bosses, Mitch and Murray. The play begins with Williamson making an announcement regarding the jobs of all of the employees in the office. There is a contest beginning to see who could close the most deals. Whoever won would win a car and whoever lost would be fired. In the following conversation between Williamson and Levene, the two are discussing whom the good leads are going to. Levene has told Williamson that without the good leads he will not be able to close, in which case, he will be fired. Williamson has said that he has to give the leads to the closers and that Levene has not been a closer. I pick up the conversation after many pages of arguments, Williamson agreeing to Shelly’s bribe and right when Shelly is asking for two l eads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"WILLIAMSON. I’m not sure I have two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LEVENE. I saw the board. You’ve got four†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WILLIAMSON. I’ve got Roma. Then I’ve got Moss†¦ LEVENE. Bullshit. Th... ...n’t agree with this and believes that it is Williamson giving the orders and that if Williamson were to call up Mitch or Murray they would tell him to follow whatever Levene says. Williamson is a timid man. He does not like confrontation. Whenever Shelly or anyone began to yell at him he would just walk away. Shelly is an older and somewhat outspoken man; he knows that Williamson is timid and therefore talks the way he does to him. Shelly is feeling the pressure of the younger men taking his role as the best. All of the stress and pressure in the office causes everyone to be on edge. I think that Williamson is a bit more understanding because he realizes that Shelly’s job is being threatened. All of these pressures and feelings cause Williamson and Levene to resent each other. The language used by Mamet to portray all of this really makes the reader feel the stress and tension in the office. The reader can hear the arguing and disagreeing. The extreme language helps the reader understand the lack of control in the office as well as the atypical behavior between an employee and employer. Works Cited 1. Mamet, David. Glengarry Glen Ross. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1982.

Two Views of Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Race Essay

Two Views of Affirmative Action "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†¦." Even before it became a nation, America was heralded as a land of equality. Thomas Jefferson's statement begs more than a few questions, one of which is: "How can we ensure equality to everyone?" Beginning in the late 1960s, the federal government provided an answer to this question in the form of affirmative action. In recent years, many people have called this policy into question. Interestingly, affirmative action is sometimes attacked by the people it helps, and defended by those it hurts. In particular, two recent essays demonstrate that people's race does not necessarily determine their beliefs on the issue of affirmative action. "Why I Believe in Affirmative Action" is by Paul R. Spickard, a white man who is defending affirmative action, while "A Negative Vote on Affirmative Action" is by Shelby Steele, an African-American who is attacking the program. When the two essays are considered as respon ses to each other, Steele's logical explanations of the effects and implications of affirmative action expose the flaws in Spickard's ethical arguments supporting it. Both authors structure their arguments to appeal to their respective audiences. Since Spickard's essay is written for Christianity Today, he makes a lot of ethical appeals that a Christian audience could easily relate to. Steele, on the other hand, is writing for The New York Times Magazine, so he relies on logic that would appeal to a more general audience. Spickard begins his ethical appeal by establishing his credibility through focusing on his support of affirmative action even though he has been denied employment because of the program. He says, "I a... ...demonstrating the absurdity of trying to make up for what our ancestors did. According to Steele, these attempts to pay for the wrongs of our ancestors grow out of a need "to impose on the world a degree of justice that simply does not exist." In other words, affirmative action seeks to correct wrongs that cannot be corrected because the people who were involved are no longer living. When Spickard's essay is examined alone, its arguments are quite convincing. However, Steele's essay effectively addresses the arguments of his opposition. As a result, his essay becomes much more effective than Spickard's, because he is able to point out all of the faults in Spickard's arguments. When these essays are read together and compared to each other, Steele's logic is much more convincing than Spickard's moral appeal, and exposes the flaws in the affirmative action program.

Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Teaching Philosophy Education, as well as children, has always been very important to me. My favorite game to play growing up was always â€Å"school†. I would recruit my stuffed animals and dolls to be my â€Å"students†. Every evening when I got home from school I would spend countless hours making lesson plans, tests, and grading papers for my â€Å"students†. Now that I’m all grown up and taking the necessary steps to become an educator, I’m still as excited and enthusiastic about teaching as I was when I was a little girl. After completing my undergraduate degree in elementary education, I plan to start working on my master’s degree right away. Although I would eventually like to teach education courses at a college or university, I want to have my own classroom first. One of my goals as an elementary school teacher is to get children hooked on learning at an early age. Having an education is one of the most valuable things anyone can possess. Through an education one learns to read, write, and to do arithmetic. These three R’s are essential to get by in our world today. An education can also help to improve one’s quality of life. The more education that one has, a lot of times it means the better paying job that they can get. As a teacher I want to give all of my students an equal opportunity to learn, no matter what their ability is. I also hope to get my students interested in learning from an early age. I hope that through teaching I can give...

Women Employment in India

GENDER DISCRIMINATION (Women employment in China and India) Sunida Singh [email  protected] com 082 WE FORGET TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER ^ ^ TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction3 Gender discrimination4 Global Women Employment6 Women Employment in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦11 Women Employment in India14 * Labor force trends & legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 * Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 * Changing Work Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Successful case to promote women employment AVON China, the company for women†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 TATA India * About Tata Steel & Corporate Sustainability Services18 * Empowerment initiatives of Tata Steel help women to achieve feat19 * TATA Motors Grihini Udyog†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Conclusion & Recommendation26 References27 Introduction This issue of the Gender Discrimination (Women employment in China and India) looks at the gender aspects of this impact, and updates indicators on the situation of women in labor markets. This report reconfirms that gender inequality remains an issue within labor markets globally. Women suffer multiple disadvantages in terms of access to labor markets, and often do not have the same level of freedom as men to choose to work. Gender differences in labor force participation rates and unemployment rates are a persistent feature of global labor markets. In 2008, an estimated 6. 3 per cent of the world’s female labor force was not working but looking for work, up from 6. 0 per cent in 2007, while the corresponding rate for males was 5. 9 per cent in 2008, up from 5. 5 per cent in 2007. Gender wage differentials may be due to a variety of factors, including crowding of women in low paying industries and differences in skills and work experience, but may also be the result of discrimination. Given the constraints women are facing, promoting gender equality and empowering women is not only an important goal of the Millennium Declaration in itself, it is also pivotal to achieving the new target on full and productive employment and decent work for all, and virtually all remaining goals and targets. This issue of Gender Discrimination (women employment in China and India) starts with an analysis of global women employment based on currently available information. Section two looks at the women employment in China and its impact. Followed sections are about women employment in India and its impact. Successful case to promote women employees. A final section concludes and highlights a number of policies to prevent gender discrimination. Gender discrimination Though gender discrimination and sexism refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Currently, discrimination based on sex is defined as adverse action against another person, which would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. This is considered a form of prejudice and is illegal in certain enumerated circumstances in most countries. Sexual discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or because an employer did not hire, promote or wrongfully terminated an employee based on their gender, or employers pay unequally based on gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship due to their gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on their gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend their credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions which may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles. Unfair discrimination usually follows the gender stereotyping held by a society. The United Nations had concluded that women often experience a â€Å"glass ceiling† and that there are no societies in which women enjoy the same opportunities as men. The term â€Å"glass ceiling† is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement in employment based on discrimination, especially sex discrimination. In the United States in 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: â€Å"Over half of all Master’s degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95% of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men. Of them, 97% are white. † In its report, it recommended affirmative action, which is the consideration of an employee's gender and race in hiring and promotion decisions, as a means to end this form of discrimination. In 2008, women accounted for 51% of all workers in the high-paying management, professional, and related occupations. They outnumbered men in such occupations as public relations managers; financial managers; and human resource managers. The China's leading headhunter, Chinahr. com, reported in 2007 that the average salary for white-collar men was 44,000 yuan ($6,441), and compared with 28,700 yuan ($4,201) for women. The PwC research found that among FTSE 350 companies in the United Kingdom in 2002 almost 40% of senior management posts were occupied by women. When that research was repeated in 2007, the number of senior management posts held by women had fallen to 22%. Transgender individuals, both male to female and female to male, often experience problems which often lead to dismissals, underachievement, difficulty in finding a job, social isolation, and, occasionally, violent attacks against them. Nevertheless, the problem of gender discrimination does not stop at transgender individuals or with women. Men are often the victim in certain areas of employment as men begin to seek work in office and childcare settings traditionally perceived as â€Å"women's jobs†. One such situation seems to be evident in a recent case concerning alleged YMCA discrimination and a Federal Court Case in Texas The case actually involves alleged discrimination against both men and blacks in childcare, even when they pass the same strict background tests and other standards of employment. It is currently being contended in federal court, as of fall 2009, and sheds light on how a workplace dominated by a majority (women in this case) sometimes will seemingly â€Å"justify† whatever they wish to do, regardless of the law. This may be done as an effort at self-protection, to uphold traditional societal roles, or some other faulty, unethical or illegal prejudicial reasoning. Global Women Employment Gender inequality remains an issue within labor markets globally. Women suffer multiple disadvantages in terms of access to labor markets, and often do not have the same level of freedom as men to choose to work. Gender differences in labor force participation rates and unemployment rates are a persistent feature of global labor markets. In 2008, an estimated 6. per cent of the world’s female labor force was not working but looking for work, up from 6. 0 per cent in 2007, while the corresponding rate for males was 5. 9 per cent in 2008, up from 5. 5 per cent in 2007. Women also face constraints in terms of sectors of economic activity in which they would like to work and working conditions to which they aspire. Women are overrepresented in the agricultural sector, and if the more industrialized regions are excluded, almost half of female employment can be found in this sector alone. Women are also often in a disadvantaged position in terms of the share of vulnerable employment (i. . unpaid family workers and own-account workers) in total employment. These workers are most likely to be characterized by insecure employment, low earnings and low productivity. Those women who are able to secure the relative comfort of wage and salaried employment are often not receiving the same remuneration as their male counterparts. Gender wage differentials may be due to a variety of factors, including crowding of women in low paying industries and differences in skills and work experience, but may also be the result of discrimination. Given the constraints women are facing, promoting gender equality and empowering women is not only an important goal of the Millennium Declaration in itself,1 it is also pivotal to achieving the new target on full and productive employment and decent work for all, and virtually all remaining goals and targets. By the end of 2008, working poverty, vulnerable employment and unemployment were beginning to rise as the effects of the economic slowdown spread. With the deepening of the recession in 2009, the global jobs crisis is expected to worsen sharply. Furthermore, we can expect that for many of those who manage to keep a job, earnings and other conditions of employment will deteriorate. The impact of the crisis will be felt by both men and women, but not necessarily in the same manner. This report presents alternative scenarios for selected labor market indicators in 2008 and 2009 in order to illustrate the effect on gender differentials in labor markets on the basis of changes in the economic environment. January 2009, the IMF again revised the global economic outlook downward, following similar revisions in October and November of 2008. According to the new projections, global economic growth in 2009 will be only 0. 5 per cent. This is considerably lower than was expected in November 2008. The new estimate for global economic growth in 2008 is 3. 4 per cent, which is 0. 4 percentage points lower than the estimate produced in late 2008. As Figure 1 shows, global economic growth in 2008 was significantly below the rates seen in recent years, which resulted in a major weakening in a number of labor markets. After four consecutive years of decreases, the global unemployment rate increased from 5. 7 per cent in 2007 to 6. 0 per cent in 008. The ranks of the unemployed increased by 13. 8 million people between 2007 and 2008, which is the largest year-on-year increase in the period for which global estimates are available. The global number of unemployed in 2008 is estimated at 193 million. Figure 1 Global unemployment trends and economic growth, by sex, 1998-2008* *2008 are preliminary estimates Source: ILO, Trends Econom etric Models, January 2009. The unemployment rate for women was 6. 3 per cent in 2008, as compared to a rate of 5. 9 per cent for men. Between 2007 and 2008, the unemployment rate increased for both men (0. percentage points) and women (0. 3 percentage points), thus slightly reducing the gender gap in unemployment rates that has been seen in the past decade (Figure 1). In terms of numbers of unemployed, 112 million out of the total of 193 million are men, and 81 million are women. The gender gap in the unemployment rate is one indication of the gender inequality in global labor markets. Another important aspect of this inequality is the difference in access to labor markets, as labor market access has much to do with economic empowerment for women. Even though global male and female labor force participation rates show signs of conversion, the gap is narrowing at a very slow pace and it still amounted to almost 25 percentage points in 2008. Women made up 40. 5 per cent of the global labor force in 2008, up from 39. 9 per cent in 1998. Similar to labour force participation, there is a large gender gap in employment-to-population rates, and this gap is narrowing also very slowly. Globally, the employment-to-population rate for the female adult population increased by 1. 2 percentage points between 1998 and 2008, as opposed to a decrease by 1. percentage points for male adults. Regional differences in both levels and changes over time are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Adult employment-to-population ratios, by sex and region, 1998 and 2008* (%) *2008 are preliminary estimates Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, January 2009 The female adult employment-to-population rate increased in seven out of nine regions. The largest increase s can be seen in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, but the rates remain well below 30 per cent for adult women in the latter two regions. Only East Asia and South-East Asia and the Pacific saw a decrease. In East Asia, however, the female adult employment-to-population rate is very high and the gender gap in employment-to-population rates is the smallest of all regions. In most regions, the male adult employment-to-population rate decreased between 1998 and 2008, North Africa and Central and South Eastern Europe (non-EU) & CIS being the exceptions. It is clear that, despite the progress made in many regions, far fewer women participate in labor markets than men. In developed economies, part of the gender gaps in participation and employment can be attributed to the fact that some women freely choose to stay at home and can afford not to enter the labor market. Yet in some developing regions of the world, remaining outside of the labor force is not a choice for the majority of women but an obligation; it is likely that women would opt to work in these regions if it became socially acceptable to do so. This of course does not mean that these women remain at home doing nothing; most are heavily engaged in household activities and unpaid family care responsibilities. Regardless, because most female household work continues to be classified as non-economic activity, the women who are thus occupied are classified as outside of the labor force. While it may not be correct to assume that all women want employment, it is safe to say that women want to be given the same freedom as men to choose to work and to earn a salary if they want to. This is unlikely to be the case. Both India and China, it’s not difficult to see more and more companies aware the gender issues and provide a lot of opportunities, as well as work position for female employees. Such as TATA in India and AVON in China. These two companies make remarkable contribution in reversing workplace prejudice against female. Women Employment in China As everybody knows, China is an ancient nation, the historical root strongly influence people’s mindset. Traditional Chinese are deeply affected by Buddhism; Taoism and Confucianism. Especially Confucianism is the real root of gender discrimination. In Confucius’s admonitory, he thinks women should stand behind the man, and never overcome their men. (B. C 551-479), almost two thousands four hundred more years, the gender unequally in born becomes an inveterate mindset. Subsequently, in 1949s, new China was founded, both male and female gain the equal human rights in law. A department called All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) was founded at the same time. This organization is founded to protect women’s legal rights include the right to work. Mao Zedong said women hold up half the sky, anything a man can do, a woman can also do. (Mao Zedong, 1968), in practice, Chinese women start to participate in labor market. Chinese women are free from stay at home pattem; share the burden with their husbands to raise a family. But in many traditional family, they don’t allow female to work outside, they prefer women play a role of take care of babies, handle all housework, the less participate with outside world, the better virtues they has. All of these internal and external factors drag Chinese women’s step and keep them far away from work. Along with the socioeconomic development, more and more Chinese women in general become more independent, they desire for the equal human rights as well as man, therefore, they entered the labor market. We can see the female in the workplace is increasing year by year. Women employee plays an important role in both family and workplace. Although the women’s rights receive significant attention, and protected by laws and regulations, but we still observed the gender discrimination in the workplace from directly turn to indirectly discrimination. Over those years, more and more companies use indirect sex discrimination which is more implicit; latent; with recessive reason, and inconspicuous. Whatever sex discrimination happens to one person, when it’s spread out over ten billion working woman, it ends up divided by a large population and becomes unobservable. In the recent years, there are some unspoken rules in the workplace, such as not-marriage, not pregnancy and childbirth. Most of employers even those state-owned enterprises (SOEs), always say that they provide equal employment opportunity abide by law, but they use every kind of excuses to reject female while recruitment, they keep female workers outside the door. According to a survey report which announced by Chinese Women’s federation association, it indicate 90% plus female graduates felt they have suffered gender discrimination when they seeking the jobs. People might hard to believe gender discrimination this kind of negative word to match with famous international corporations, but in fact, 40% foreign companies has implicit gender discrimination in recruitment. Some of them are Fortune 500 companies. And some small companies, female candidate have asked some embarrassing questions via interview. Those questions are very personally and privately. For example, a female candidate was asked did she live with boyfriend. Otherwise, many private and small enterprises will ask a parol agreement about not wedding and family plan within three or even five years. One of the real story is about a female worker who working at a big company, after she has a baby, she was told due to the poor performance, company will not renew the contract with her. Another option is to â€Å"Change the work position†, this kind of change also called demote. Usually, this kind of employee will be talked in person and privately, if they are willing to hand their resignation, company not only pay what they should pay but also provide them a letter of recommendation for the future development. The way of sex discrimination becomes so sly. In this case, company didn’t against the legal regulation, also use the internal performance evaluation as an excuse, although the employee is unhappy with this, but consider about the economic benefits, most of them will have to compromise. We can see, there is a case of unequal fundamental human rights. By the end of Feb 2010, the female graduates’ employee rate is lower than male about 8. 5%. (MyCOS Research, 2010), and MyCOS also point out that the gap of employment rate can’t fully present the real situation of gender equity. Mostly, female employees have to accept the lower salary position or accept the work doesn’t match with their major at all to be employed compare with male at the same qualified level. The employment quality is absolutely low and they are unhappy with this. All of these are the results of gender discrimination. In China, most of women are working on education; medical treatment; research; marketing; advertising; catering; entertainment; service industry and manufacturing. Most of them work at the bottom level; just few female can work on board. Female usually will face gender discrimination while recruitment; payment and welfare; promotion; sexual harassment and retirement. This is the top five hot topic people argue with in China. This is the top five hot topic people argue with in China. In the recent year, high level educational female face a big problem, every four high educated candidates has one person was rejected just because of she is a women. The age of childbearing female who has not had a baby yet usually cannot get the job. When we talk about promotion, there are two main factors strongly effect female’s promote opportunity, there are house work and children care. More than 20% working women have suffered spicy jokes, they are around 18 to 35 years old; more than 40% companies do not have the regulation about sexual harassment issues, all sorts of sexual harassment impede female’s development. In China, male retire at 60 years old and female at 55 years old by law. On the other hand, we can say, this community asks female to start work later than male and retired before male. It means the welfare of retirement payment, is unfair. And the data we provided before does not cover the implicit discrimination part; it means the real world situation will be worse than what we observed. Nowadays, sex discrimination trend to indirect, but there is an insight that relevant regulations and laws had deterrent effects. Although it cannot prevent and solve the current problem effectively, but from direct discrimination to indirect discrimination; finally trend to eliminate sex discrimination in the workplace, this is an ongoing process. At least we can see it’s on the way. In the recent year, corresponding laws and regulations are highly concentrate on eliminate gender discrimination in the workplace. In the case of implicit discrimination, this usually occurred at recruitment process or probationary period. The revised labor law strictly provisions the limitation and requirement on employer terminate employment contract during these period. When women employees suffer implicit discrimination, they should not longer put up with it; it’s time to stand up with a strong voice. Women Employment in India Population * There are an estimated 1,173,108,018 people living in India, which makes it the second most populous country in the world, following China. * Women are 48. 1% of the population of India. * There is a gender gap at birth. For every 100 girls born, there are 112 boys born; this gap is even wider in some regions. Of all ages, the gender gap is 100 females for every 106 males. * India’s religions play a strong role in its culture and people, and the large majority of Indians are Hindu. Educational Achievement * Of those ages 15 and up, just 49. 6% of females were literate compared to 73. 6% of males. * Men dominate the numbers of those enrolled in higher educational deg rees. Enrollment of Higher Educational Students, by Gender Women in the Labour Force * India’s 2001 Census found that women were 31. 6% of all workers. * Women are an estimated 38. % of all economically active individuals. * Of women that work in the labor force, only 20% work in urban areas. * Women earn 66% of men’s salary for equal work. * 26. 2% of women compared to 9. 0% of men cited a lack of role models as a barrier to advancement. Labor Force Trends and Legislation * In an effort to recruit more women employees, some companies are offering 25% bonuses for female employee referrals. * India ranked towards the bottom of the 134 countries, with a ranking of 114, on the 2009 Global Gender Gap Index. * Women received 12 weeks paid maternity leave. The Factories Act of 1948 mandates that employers with 30 or more women employees must provide child care facilities for children under the age of six. * India has a young workforce and population. In the next ten years, d ue to a flood of younger people entering the workforce, and more women entering the workforce, India expects to add an additional 110 million people to its labour force. Management * Women are just 3% of legislative, management, and senior official positions. * Women in management in India face many challenges. Studies have found: -women have to work harder to prove themselves; men do not respect women bosses (and prefer to have them as subordinates as opposed to superiors); -women are excluded from informal networks. * According to one study of ten companies, women were: * 34. 1% of those at the junior level of the workplace, * 16. 2% of those at the middle level, * 8. 2% of those at the senior level. * Of 1,112 directorships on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100, just 59 (5. 3%) are held by women. 32 * Out of 323 total executive directorship positions (generally considered to be prerequisites to holding the CEO position) on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100, just eight (2. 5%) are held by women. 54% of companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100 have no women board directors. * Despite occupying small percentages of leadership positions, 97. 2% of women (compared to 95. 6% of men) aspire to jobs with increased responsibility. Changing Workplaces * As companies strive to retain valuable female talent, companies are attempting to implement programs to create more women-friendly workplaces. One study of IT companies examined work-life/woman-friendly programs. Some of the most common programs include: * Flexible work schedules/hours (68% of respondents) * Sexual harassment policies (68%) * Flexible leave policy (64%) Transportation policy (55%) * Health and wellness programs (50%) * Day care for children/parenting workshops (27%) * Women’s lounge/recreation (23%) * Women’s forum /networks (18%) * The Global Gender Gap Index is measured by the World Economic Forum. It ranked 130 countries in 2008 on the size of their gender gap between women and men in four a reas: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival. Successful case to Promote women employment AVON China, the company for women AVON, one of the largest direct marketing company in the world; owned more han three billion consumers and five million employees worldwide. Over these years, AVON engages on help women to have their own career; to have the equal opportunity to work as man. AVON China also creates a lot of jobs for Chinese women. The mission of AVON is the company for women. This mission leads see women not only as consumer but also potential employees in the near future. The CEO of AVON is a Chinese female named Andrea Jung. She also ranked NO. 5 in the 50 most powerful women in business list (2010, Fortune Magazine), AVON have launch their business over 100 plus countries all over the world. You can easy to find its beauty store just about every city in China. AVON provides flexible home-based business for Chinese female who desire for work and life balancing. It encourages women to start up their own business with very little cost. Just as low initial cost as the price of a lipstick with unlimited earnings potentials. This is one of the benefits of becoming an AVON representative or a direct sells person. Most of AVON sellers are female, women knows what women wants! AVON China provides great opportunities to hire and promote female employment. TATA India, the company for women About Tata Steel & Corporate Sustainability Services Established in 1907, Tata Steel is the flagship company of Tata Group, the most respected business house in India and one of the top ten steel producers in the world. The Company was founded on the philosophy that society is not just another stakeholder in its business, but its prime purpose. As Tata Steel's operations have expanded to new geographies, the Company has retained a collective focus on the various areas of corporate social responsibility that impact the environment, people and their health, and society at large. In India, the Company is pledged to causes such as strengthening civic amenities in and around its sites, providing healthcare, education, training, employment and recreation, and preserving culture and heritage, especially of indigenous tribes. Tata Steel has expanded its reach from the city of Jamshedpur and its adjoining urban areas to over 800 villages in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh, touching the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. In 2008, Tata Steel India became the first integrated steel plant in the world, outside Japan, to be awarded the Deming Application Prize 2008 for excellence in Total Quality Management. Empowerment initiatives of Tata Steel help women to achieve feat Concerted efforts by Tata Steel have helped the women in Kalinganagar area to achieve a major millennium development goal of the United Nations pertaining to gender equality and empowerment. The steel major's initiative to organize village womenfolk through formation of women Self Help Groups (SHGs) and support for creation of alternate income-generating activities have helped them to attain this feat. In Kalinganagar, where Tata Steel is setting up a 6 million tonne integrated steel plant, 24 women self-help groups have been formed with 317 women as members. Out of them, 124 women are engaged in various income generating activities. The activities taken up by these women include poultry, mushroom farming , goat and sheep rearing , pickle making, Muduki and Badi making , stitching, Ethnic craft making, Phenyl and bleaching production and carrying on petty business. Apart from this, 23 women are also engaged in various community development works as teachers, community health facilitators, community organizers and SHG co-coordinators. Strengthening empowerment through various initiatives like Tejaswini programme, has paid rich dividend with significant increase in the number of women engaged in non-agricultural activities. It increased from only 5 in the pre-displacement period to 200 in 2010, which is very significant. Similarly, average annual income of the women members of the relocated families has reached Rs 24,600 compared to 2006 when they didn’t have any non-agricultural income. This exemplary achievement has also been maintained in maternal mortality and infant mortality rate. While it was targeted to reduce maternal mortality (by 3 quarters) and infant mortality (by two third) by the 2015, the same has been achieved well before the deadline. Due to 100% institutional delivery and regular medical checks-ups, the said target is pulled off. Apart from zero maternal mortality, 100 percent institutional delivery has also been ensured for these tribal women. Besides, zero infant mortality, 100 percent immunization of children has been attained due to the health initiatives taken by Tata Steel. This is considered as major achievements as infant mortality & maternal death was just a common phenomenon for poor tribals of Kalinganagar area. TATA Motors Grihini Udyog Began in 1973 with mere 7 hesitant women members, extremely limited cash in hand and very humble revenues. But under the able guidance of our visionary mentor Late Ms. Leelatai Moolgaokar, we stand tall with over 1000 women members (most of who are shareholders), 17 centres and over Rs. 79 million turnovers. Grihini Udyog is a collective enterprise which endeavours to empower the women relatives of Tata Motors employees. Philosophy TATA work ethics rest on the twin principle of ‘justness' and ‘ethical'. Justness is ensured through the inbuilt co-operative mode which ensures distribution of dividend in proportion of one’s skill set. It is also endured that the Society does not indulge in exploitation of anyone in any manner. Secondly, all labour rights within the ambit of ethical labor practices are secured to the individual members. They believe in ethical outsourcing of labour oriented process. During a span of 37 years, Tata Motors Grihini Udyog has gone through different phases, transforming itself from manufacturing household consumer products to intricate wiring and hi-tech Automotive Electronic Products. They work in 4 societies which are spread over 17 centres. These centres are distributed in and around Pune. 1. Tata Motors Grihini Shivankala Society – Stitches the uniforms and hand gloves for the company employees and supplies to Tata Motors. It now stitches 45 other items of sale including bags, purse etc. and sells it to a wide set of customers. 2. Tata Motors Grihini Cable Harness Society – Assembles the cable harness and supplies back to the company. 3. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Society* – Assembles the electronic components used in a vehicle and supplies to the company. 4. Tata Motors Grihini Vividh Karyakari Society – Prepares spices, condiment and other eatable items. It has a wide customer base for its products which not only includes Tata Motors but other organizations in the vicinity. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Society has achieved ISO 9001-2000 certificate on 13th October 2004. We achieved certificate of ISO 9001 – 2008 in December 2010. How they work? They work online on SAP enabled SRM system. Based on the quantum demand of the product and services, targets for each month is set and delivered as and when required by the customer. This has been achieved by strategic alliance between Tata Motors (through MASOP arrangement/process) Their Proud * Respected and reliable Vendor of Tata Motors * Assisting New Product Introduction (NPI) by providing wiring for prototype vehicles. * Coping with increase in production volumes. * Additional business relations with other companies like Motherson Sumi, Tata Power. Certificate for ISO 9001-2000 from BVQI(Bureau Veritas Quality International) * Our three employees have achieved the Gunvant Kamgar Award conferred by the Maharashtra government. New Horizons The new age women are far more educated and have come up with new and advanced skill sets which were not witnessed decades back. Their sustainability plan attempts to harness this potential. The chief mechanisms would be  œ 1. Linking of business unit with the rural population in order to scale up the quantum of goods produced especially that pertaining to Vividh Karyakari Society. . Enhancement of the membership base of the workforce through raising the inclusion bar of the traditional outsiders i. e. those who are not relatives of the Tata Motors employee. 3. To open up additional selling unit in order to scale up the sale. Currently, 20% of the revenue comes from sale to customers other than Tata Motors. This shall be raised. Beyond Business Besides regular business we celebrate the other dimension of life. Be it organizing blood donation camps or tree plantation. They also celebrate Women's day on 8th March with full enthusiasm. They organize Cultural Programmes on the Annual General Meeting. They make generous donations to the Sakal Relief Fund. They publish the Darpan Magazine and published Smrutigandha on 3rd August 2005 on the occasion of celebrating 25 years of the organization. Key Features * Society is for the women and totally managed by the women * Members work only for five hours in a day * Work centers located in residential areas of this city and its industrial area * Apart from share of profits through dividend women are also entitled * Monthly remuneration with statutory benefits is given to members. Tata Motors Grihini Vividh Karyakari Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Variety of namkins, sweets and many more. Tata Motors Grihini Shivankala Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Various types of cotton, terrycloth uniforms, cotton, hand gloves, caps. Also manufactured items like school bags, kitchen aprons. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Products – Redio antina Flashers 12V & 24V, multifunction modules, digital clock, relay 12V & 24V . Tata Motors Grihini Cable Harness Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Assembly of various types of wiring harnesses that is Main cables, front to tail, roof & panel wiring for Tata Motors Safari, Sumo. Evolution YEAR| NO. OF CENTRES | NO. OF LADIES | TURNOVER IN Rs. MILLION | 1973 – 1974 | 1| 8| –| 1980-1981| 19| 712| 1. 33| 1986-1987| 21| 836| 2. 93| 1991-1992| 24| 1100| 7. 43| 1996-1997| 24| 1623| 20. 5| 2002-2003| 20| 1099| 31. 45| 2005-2006| 22| 1300| 52. 5| 2006-2007| 20| 1329| 57. 07| 2007-2008| 21| 1300| 61. 32| 2008-2009| 18| 1091| 60. 03| 2009-2010| 17| 1011| 79. 00| Growth * From 8 ladies, the organization has grown to more than 1000 ladies strong. Annual revenue of more than 7 crores from 4 lines of business (LOB). * LOB spreading across traditional businesses like masala and tailoring to the technologically advanced businesses of electronics and cable. * Entire activities independently managed by the members of Grihini. CONCLUSION Sex discrimination is a very serious socioeconomic problem which exists worldwide, not only in In dia and China but also other countries. How to eliminate discrimination in the workplace? Nobody find out the perfect solution yet. Under the global economic recession, the labor supply is much stronger than labor demand. This might narrow the room for eliminate gender discrimination in the workplace. We should careful avoid financial crisis makes gender discrimination become more reasonable in the workplace. To avoid cost from gender discrimination in the workplace, company can use strategies for prevention. There are a number of steps that company can take to reduce the risk of gender discrimination occurring in workplace. Although company may not be able to take all of the steps, but should take as many of them as you can. Adopt a clear gender discrimination policy. In company employee handbook, should have a policy devoted to gender discrimination. That policy should; define gender discrimination; state in no uncertain terms that you will not tolerate gender discrimination; state that company will discipline or fire any wrongdoers; set out a clear procedure for filing gender discrimination complaints; state that company will investigate fully any complaint that receive, and; state that company will not tolerate retaliation against anyone who complains about gender discrimination. The gender equity issues should always be involved into considerations. In order to protect the employment equal opportunity, we can not only reply on laws and regulations, need all corresponding parties to make contributions as well. REFERENCES ACWF, All-China Women’s Federation’s official website: http://www. acwf. com/ Australian Human Rights Commission, women in leadership, sex discrimination. 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